[Medical error in theory and practice - a review of the most important issues]. / Blad medyczny w teorii i praktyce ­ przeglad najwazniejszych zagadnien.

In recent years, in Poland, despite the lack of an adverse medical events monitoring system, a sharp increase in the number of complaints to various medical and legal institutions, as well as court cases with a suspicion of a medical error, was found, based on the available reports and statistics, which poses a serious medical and legal. The aim of this study was to review the theoretical and practical issues of medical errors in the medico-legal context on the basis of the current legislation in Poland. This paper presents the conceptual scope and the evolution of terminology, starting from "error in the medical art/craft" up to the currently defined and used concept of "medical error." The problem of medical errors in medico-legal categories, according to Polish legal regulations and ethical standards in medicine, was also considered. Different classifications, as well as the causes and consequence of various medical errors, were analyzed. Based on current literature, Polish judicial decisions were reviewed, and some examples of legal rulings with respect to different categories of medical errors were presented. Given the ambiguity, both in conceptual and categorizing terms, with regard to adverse medical events: errors, negligence, malpractice and omission, it would be justified to adopt an unambiguous definition and classification. Such an arrangement would expand the possibilities of research in the field of etiology of medical errors, and more importantly, prepare such procedures that would maximally protect the patient, and allow the maximum reduction of the number of medical errors and any other adverse events. In addition, specifying the medical, legal and economic standards in medical units, and determining the scope of personal and institutional responsibility for undesirable medical events, would, in turn, improve the processing of claims made by patients or their families, as well as the activities of medical and legal institutions, including doctors appointed as court experts. Med Pr. 2020;71(5):613-30.

Do nutritional behaviors depend on biological sex and cultural gender?

Conventional knowledge, resulting from observations and experience, maintains the conviction that there are gender differences in the acquisition, preparation and consumption of food. This review shows differences between the sexes in eating behavior, food choice and nutritional strategy which were conditioned by evolution and by intra-individual (biological or psychological) and extra-individual (socioeconomic and cultural) factors. Women manifest a more pronounced trust in healthy nutrition, greater engagement in controlling body weight, a higher tendency to eat in a group and in stressful situations, and they frequently experience frustration due to their own nutritional behaviors, which reflects higher social pressure and their attempts to reduce eating-related pleasure. On the other hand, men prefer fatty meals with a strong taste, and are directed mainly by the pleasure of consumption; they more frequently furtively eat sweet foods while watching television, use more dietary supplements and more frequently visit fast food restaurants. Nutritional behavior, styles of nutrition, dietary profiles, approach to nourishment, approach to the place of meal consumption, and the sources of nutritional knowledge all demonstrate associations with gender. Reciprocal interactions between gender and diet are conditioned by physiological, psychological and sociocultural factors. This system of reciprocal interactions includes feedback: biological sex and cultural gender shape one's diet and, reciprocally, one's diet affects the deepening or flattening of gender differences. The analysis of reciprocally interacting factors entangled in the formation of a nutritional model may also represent an important element of pro-health prophylaxis and should be used in medical and dietary practice. Males in particular should be informed and educated about health-promoting diets.